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本节内容主要有：什么是比特币、比特币的起源与发展、区块及区块链的定义，矿机挖矿的原理。

什么是比特币比特币(BitCoin)是一种P2P形式的虚拟货币。2008年，一个名叫中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人发明了比特币">
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                <h1 id="第一节"><a href="#第一节" class="headerlink" title="第一节"></a>第一节</h1><blockquote>
<p>本节内容主要有：什么是比特币、比特币的起源与发展、区块及区块链的定义，矿机挖矿的原理。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="什么是比特币"><a href="#什么是比特币" class="headerlink" title="什么是比特币"></a>什么是比特币</h2><p>比特币(BitCoin)是一种P2P形式的虚拟货币。2008年，一个名叫中本聪(Satoshi Nakamoto)的人发明了比特币，他在网络上发表了《比特币:一种点对点的电子现金系统》，即《白皮书》。点对点的传输意味着一个去中心化的电子记账系统的建立。</p>
<h3 id="去中心化的电子记账系统"><a href="#去中心化的电子记账系统" class="headerlink" title="去中心化的电子记账系统"></a>去中心化的电子记账系统</h3><p>和传统的记账方式不同（传统记账由银行来进行操作，可信度基于国家信用），去中心化则不需要依靠传统银行机构，每个人的账单记录都是公开的。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412173201536.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="传统记账系统"><br>举例来说，有A,B,C,D四个人进行交易，每次交易内容都会告诉其它三个人。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412173320898.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="去中心化的记账系统"></p>
<hr>
<h2 id="区块-amp-amp-区块链"><a href="#区块-amp-amp-区块链" class="headerlink" title="区块&amp;&amp;区块链"></a>区块&amp;&amp;区块链</h2><p>A,B,C,D四个人的账单信息进行打包，就形成了一个<strong>区块(block)</strong>。一般来说一个区块的大小大约为1M，可以存放4000条左右的记录。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412173953708.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="区块"><br>一个区块打包完成之后，把它接到前一个区块上，并且之后打包的区块接在目前这个区块之后，这样形成的一条链我们称为<strong>区块链(Block Chain)</strong>。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412174527420.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="区块链"></p>
<h3 id="为何我需要记账？"><a href="#为何我需要记账？" class="headerlink" title="为何我需要记账？"></a>为何我需要记账？</h3><blockquote>
<p>记录和自己的资金不相干的账单，占用了自己的电脑资源，我们为什么要记账？</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>记账奖励</strong><br>记账是由于记账可以得到奖励。<br><strong>（1）手续费</strong><br>举例来说，A支付10个比特币给B，实际上A支付的要比10个比特币多一点，多出的一点就是给记账人的手续费。（比特币交易的手续费比传统交易的手续费低）<br><strong>（2）打包奖励</strong><br>从比特币系统运行开始，在第一个四年里，每打一次包奖励50个比特币，在第二个四年里，每打一个包奖励25个比特币，在第三个四年里，每打一个包奖励12.5个比特币…依次类推，每过一个四年，打包奖励少一半。</p>
<h4 id="比特币总量"><a href="#比特币总量" class="headerlink" title="比特币总量"></a>比特币总量</h4><p>中本聪在最初提出比特币时，规定每十分钟打一个包。我们可以计算出比特币总量如下：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>50 <em> 6 </em> 24 <em> 365 </em> 4 * (1/2 + 1/4 +1/8 + …(1/2)^n^)=2100万</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="账单以谁为准？"><a href="#账单以谁为准？" class="headerlink" title="账单以谁为准？"></a>账单以谁为准？</h3><blockquote>
<p>因为记账奖励丰厚，一群人抢着去进行打包，但由于网络延迟，可能每个人收到账单不同，这种时候该以谁为准？</p>
</blockquote>
<h4 id="工作量证明"><a href="#工作量证明" class="headerlink" title="工作量证明"></a>工作量证明</h4><p>每一个参与打包的用户都要去做一个很难的数学题，如果你可以做出这道数学题，就可以去进行打包了。这个数学题难到没有哪一个人可以通过脑子去计算出来，而必须通过一个一个数去尝试，直到你去把这个数尝试出来了，就有机会去获得奖励，这个过程叫做<strong>挖矿</strong>。</p>
<h3 id="挖矿原理"><a href="#挖矿原理" class="headerlink" title="挖矿原理"></a>挖矿原理</h3><h4 id="哈希函数"><a href="#哈希函数" class="headerlink" title="哈希函数"></a>哈希函数</h4><p><strong>我们可以通过运算，把一串字符串转化成为一个摘要的形式。</strong> 并且正着算容易，反过来算很难（即可以通过字符串得到摘要，但不能通过摘要获得字符串）<br><strong>以SHA256函数举例：</strong></p>
<pre><code>sha256("abcd") = 1010...(256位二进制数)
正算很容易，反算很难。如果给出一串256位的二进制数，求原来的输入，就只能通过一个一个尝试的方式去寻找。</code></pre><h4 id="具体原理"><a href="#具体原理" class="headerlink" title="具体原理"></a>具体原理</h4><p><strong>区块由头部和账单信息组成。</strong><br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412181422148.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="区块组成"><br>假设现在有很多人想要去接块，每个人都有一分记录好的账单。<br>在接块的时候必须要算一个数学题：<br><strong>1.字符串：前块的头部+账单信息+时间戳+…+随机数</strong><br><strong>2.Hash=sha256(sha256(字符串))</strong><br><strong>3.计算得到的Hash值需要符合要求</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p>比如说要求前n位为0:即 Hash=000…11011（前n位为0即可满足条件，获得接块的权利）</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>4.符合要求之后进行打包</strong><br>把计算得到的Hash值作为新块的头部，账单作为新块的信息，即可打包成一个新块从而获得奖励。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412182346723.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="新块上链"><br><strong>怎么去使得字符串满足要求？</strong><br>我们来看字符串的组成，<strong>字符串：前块的头部+账单信息+时间戳+…+随机数</strong></p>
<p><strong>我们可以改变的只有随机数，二进制从0开始一直尝试。</strong> 每个人的计算难度是不一样的，但是平均而言，挖到矿的可能性大小与计算能力相关联，谁的计算能力强，谁就有更大的可能去挖到这个矿。</p>
<h4 id="挖矿难度设置"><a href="#挖矿难度设置" class="headerlink" title="挖矿难度设置"></a>挖矿难度设置</h4><p><strong>挖矿难度由要求Hash值的前n位来设置。</strong><br>前n位为指定数，比如前n个都是0，概率为 (1/2)^n^ 。<br>中本聪当初设置在每十分钟出一个块，如何保证在10分钟内能出一个块呢？则需要调整n的大小即挖矿难度。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>例：假设世界上有10^4^台矿机，每台矿机的运算速度为14T/s(即每秒可以进行1.4 <em> 10^13^次哈希运算)<br>10min计算次数：1.4 </em> 10^13^ <em> 10^4^ </em> 600 = 8 * 10^19^ ,大概相当于 2^66^ 。在这种情况下，就会把难度n设置为66。</p>
</blockquote>
<hr>
<h1 id="第二节"><a href="#第二节" class="headerlink" title="第二节"></a>第二节</h1><p>接上一节区块链和比特币的基本介绍，我们知道比特币的所有记录都是公开而且匿名的。这样比特币会面临几个问题：如何去解决伪造记录、篡改记录以及双重支付的问题。</p>
<h2 id="身份认证"><a href="#身份认证" class="headerlink" title="身份认证"></a>身份认证</h2><blockquote>
<p>在传统认证方式中，通常会使用人脸认证、签名认证、指纹认证等方式，但是在电子支付系统上都不能实现，因为上述方式可以被拷贝之后伪造。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="电子签名"><a href="#电子签名" class="headerlink" title="电子签名"></a>电子签名</h3><p>电子签名技术采用了目前广泛使用的非对称加密方式 <img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412191558459.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="电子签名技术"></p>
<h2 id="如何解决伪造记录"><a href="#如何解决伪造记录" class="headerlink" title="如何解决伪造记录"></a>如何解决伪造记录</h2><p>流程图：<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412211725241.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="防止伪造记录"><br>解决伪造记录的关键在于使用<strong>非对称加密方式</strong></p>
<p>A给B10个比特币这一事件，通过hash运算得到摘要之后，用私钥对摘要进行加密得到密码。由于私钥的唯一性，摘要具有唯一性。通过广播的方式，A传递出去的消息有：A给B10个比特币，A的公钥，A的密码。<br>我们可以假设，A给B10个比特币的消息是假的，并根据此hash运算得到了摘要1。而利用A的公钥解密密码得到了摘要2，此时摘要1和摘要2不同，显然”A给B10个比特币”是伪造的消息。</p>
<h2 id="双重支付问题"><a href="#双重支付问题" class="headerlink" title="双重支付问题"></a>双重支付问题</h2><h3 id="余额检查-追溯法"><a href="#余额检查-追溯法" class="headerlink" title="余额检查(追溯法)"></a>余额检查(追溯法)</h3><blockquote>
<p>每个人在使用区块链比特币的时候，都会下载从第一个区块到目前为止的所有信息。<br>比如A广播了数据”A支付给B10个比特币”，其他人就会进行余额检查，检查A是否有这个支付能力，如果没有这个支付能力，那么其他人就不会去确认A广播的这条信息。当”A支付给B10个比特币”这个信息被打包到一个新的块里面，此时这条信息被确认。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/2020041221464217.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="消息确认"></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="双重支付"><a href="#双重支付" class="headerlink" title="双重支付"></a>双重支付</h3><blockquote>
<p>当双重支付发生时，比如A只有10个比特币，但同时广播了消息”A给B10个比特币”(记为消息b)和”A给C10个比特币”（记为消息c），群体D先接收到消息b，则不会去确认消息c。同理，群体E先接收到消息c，则不会去确认消息b。这时候就要看群体D和E中谁先能计算出那道数学题，先挖出矿的可以把自己确认的消息写到新块中，而另一条消息则失效。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412215749444.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="如何防止双重支付"></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="防止篡改问题"><a href="#防止篡改问题" class="headerlink" title="防止篡改问题"></a>防止篡改问题</h2><h3 id="最长链原则"><a href="#最长链原则" class="headerlink" title="最长链原则"></a>最长链原则</h3><blockquote>
<p>当区块链出现分支的情况下，即有不止一个人在近乎相同时间内挖出了下一个块，链的走向出现了分支，一般而言使用最长链原则进行选择。假设用户群体A选择上链继续挖矿，用户群体B选择下链继续挖矿。如果群体A先挖出下一个矿，上链新块，则群体B转到新块后继续挖矿。通常情况下，下链被废弃。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412221257165.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="最长链原则"></p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="如何防止篡改"><a href="#如何防止篡改" class="headerlink" title="如何防止篡改"></a>如何防止篡改</h3><blockquote>
<p>由最长链原则我们可以知道，如果有人想篡改区块链上某一区块的信息，他就要在该区块处引出一条分支，并且打造一条新链使得新链超过原链长度。即他一人控制的矿机算力要超过全世界剩余的矿机算力，显然很难实现。<br><img src="https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/20200412222625409.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk,shadow_10,text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3dlaXhpbl80MzA5MjIzMg==,size_16,color_FFFFFF,t_70" alt="篡改信息"></p>
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